Jun 18

Are ASEAN’s Goals Achievable?

When I think of current events in Southeast Asia, the things that pop into my head are authoritarian regimes, ethnic tensions, border clashes, and so on. There is an entire list of current conflicts going on in this region. An example of a border dispute would be Thailand conflicting with neighboring Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos and Cambodia, where numerous insurgent groups are constantly fighting one another.

To avoid and eradicate such conflicts and promote development the ASEAN was established in 1967. ASEAN stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and is a transnational political and economic organization gen5newwith ten countries located in Southeast Asia. The aim of ASEAN is known as the “ASEAN way,” which in essence respects the sovereignty of each member and to integrate as a community. This means respecting members history, political system, religion, national identity, ethnicities and cultures. This allows another goal of ASEAN to occur which is fostering economic growth and social development amongst these members through regional cooperation. However, if you compare the core values and principles of ASEAN and what is actually happening in the world today, there is no doubt that there are problems with ASEAN. These problems have to do with respecting the sovereignty of each country.

Why are there so many regional conflicts going on in this region? I think that one of the reason has to do with colonialism. In a broad perspective, colonialism has most likely exploited many countries and left the countries with nothing after gaining independence. These independent countries had to rebuild its state from scratch.  Also most of these countries gained independence in the middle of the 19th century, meaning that most of Southeast Asian countries are fairly new. Since they are fairly new the state is still in the process of state-building in which I believe is the cause of most conflicts. If you take a look at the recent and previous conflicts, most of them derive from opposition groups against the central governments pursuing to gain political, ethnic, religious or social independence or inclusion. The weakness of the government and differences in the state have created these conflicts. These conflicts then spill over to other nation states, which creates insecurities in the ASEAN community.

Now going back to the ASEAN core values and principles, there is something lacking to address the problem of respecting the sovereignty of each member. I think the characteristics that are lacking are intercultural south_east_asiacommunication and recognition of different subgroups. Intercultural dialogue is important in any organizations that consists individuals with different backgrounds. It allows each individual to fully understand and respect the different attributes of each member and creates a comfortable platform for the members to address issues that arises. I think in the case with the ASEAN members, there is a lack of intercultural communication because most members have a hard time recognizing different subgroups within and out their countries. It is very hard for these countries to recognize one another because before ASEAN was established, there were little to no interaction between the members. Traditions and values varied across regions and have been hard-wired in each individual. Although it will take a tremendous amount of time until the members of ASEAN to fully recognize and include every group, until then I think it will be hard to achieve the goals of ASEAN.

However, I am not suggesting that ASEAN has not achieved any goals since its establishments. ASEAN has created free trade areas where it encourages trade amongst its members and has integrated the region with the rest of the world through the East Asia Summits and ASEAN Summits. Southeast Asia is also an emerging economy as many members have been experiencing positive growth rates. What I am suggesting is that, when reflecting upon the current issues in Southeast Asia today, it is apparent that conflicts are still continuing in these regions. So I think the key issues are the lack of recognition of groups within the members and intercultural communication amongst the members. I believe that if we address these issues, ASEAN will be able to achieve its goal quicker.

What do you suggest these countries can do to achieve ASEAN’s goal?

Jun 17

Looking Back on China (2): Socialism or Capitalism?

“No matter if it is a white cat or a black cat, as long as it can catch mice, it is a good cat.”

 It was probably the most influential quote of Deng Xiaoping, the Chief Architect of Chinese Reform and Opening, who further interpreted that “Do not restrict yourself from the difference between Socialism and Capitalism. Developing productive forces is our first priority.” Since then, China has been continuously engaging in one of the most magnificent economic reforms throughout the world for more than 30 years. At the same time, however, the line between Socialism and Capitalism is increasingly blurred in the largest socialist country in the world.

 In the official discourse system of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the ideology of Socialism with “Chinese Characteristics” plays a sovereign role. The core of this ideology is to build up a socialist market-oriented economy FeaturedImageand the most fundamental requirement is that it should be dominated by the public sector in the industries so significant as to influence the national economy. Since China is and will long be in the primary stage of socialism, the Chinese government is supposed to employ any beneficial resources or means to develop the country into an industrialized nation.

 Every Chinese high school student and college student is capable of explaining the aforementioned abstract political theories to you in detail, because they have thoroughly memorized mandatory knowledge of this topic in Politics classes. In China, CPC is omnipresent  in everyone’s daily life. In elementary school, pupils perceive the qualification to be a Young Pioneer as a supreme honor in their school life. In the government, crucial positions are only open to CPC members, while some of the insignificant positions are intentionally kept for non-Party members for fear of the criticism of one-party dictatorship. Even in the enterprises, entrepreneurs are proud of the large number of CPC members in the union, because working closely with the government will avoid unnecessary troubles in business. More importantly, the authoritarian framework of government, the mode of operation of politics, and the predominant national ideology all undisputedly demonstrate that China is absolutely a socialist country, at least in light of politics.

 Nevertheless, it is a totally different story in economy. No matter how unwilling they will be, CPC leaders have to admit that China’s economy is fundamentally capitalist.

China has become the factory of the world. But this is not without expense. Sweatshops are exploiting the laborers as severely as Karl Marx warned against Capitalism more than a hundred years ago. In 2010, consecutive Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 14

Plan B Doesn’t Endanger Lives, It Saves Them

On Monday, June 10, 2012 the Obama administration made the long overdue decision to drop restrictrictions limiting access to the Plan B emergency contraceptive pill. Once the F.D.A. approves, the pill be allowed to be distributed over the counter to girl’s of any age without a prescription. While I believe this is a step in the right direction I still don’t understand why this took so long and am confused by the reactions and controversy that continue to surround the topic.

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A while back I had written a piece about why contraception should not be controversial, in which I discussed the importance of providing knowledge and access to contraceptives. There are people who argue that allowing Plan B to girls without requiring a prescription is going to open some dangerous doors. Some believe it is going to lead to more promiscuity or think it’s going to encourage and give more power to rapists and sexual predators. While these things may be possible, they lack any kind of scientific proof or evidence and the opposition continues to neglect the great benefits and potential Plan B holds.

 

Women’s rights groups have been fighting this battle regarding emergency contraceptives for over a decade. In 1999, the Plan B pill was approved as a prescription only product. In 2001 the Center for Reproductive Rights filed a petition for it to be made available over the counter. In 2011 the F.D.A. was urged to lift all age restriction but were overruled. Then this past April, after a federal judge once again ordered to lift the restriction of age — the administration responded to the ruling by lowering the age from 17 to 15.

 

The age restriction that existed, only allowing girls 15 and older to receive birth control was completely arbitrary. Who is to say that a 15 year old is any more deserving or in need than a 14 year or 13 year old? There is no scientific evidence that the pill is not safe if you’re below a certain age (in fact, studies show that it’s perfectly safe for all ages) and there’s no scientific proof that a 13 year old is any less capable of consuming the pill properly than a 17 year old. I mean, it’s almost an insult to our intelligence. Don’t all girls of any age deserve Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 14

Extreme Poverty in Lao PDR

Lao PDR has one of the highest growth rates in Southeast Asia with 6% increase every year in the last decade. Even the level of poverty has been declining. However, the country is still one of the least developed in Southeast Asia and the level of poverty is still largely apparent in this economy. Laos had struggled to grasp an ideal laoseconomic and political situation since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The poverty rate illustrates this struggle. The percentage of people living under just $2 a day was 66% in 2008.

To combat poverty in Laos, a project called the Poverty Reduction Project was initiated to help develop communities in the rural areas. This project was funded by the International Development Association. The goal of this project was to improve access to basic economic and social services in rural areas; more specifically access to clean water, health care, primary education, and roads. With the help of the project staff and local volunteers, the project had upgraded more than 2,000 kilometers of roads, 460 schools have been built, and 900 villages have access to clean water now. However, this project was stopped in 2011, meaning there needs to be another project running to address the country’s problems. Extreme poverty is common in mountainous areas where ethnic minority groups reside. Lowland areas tend to have lower poverty levels. If you do not live in the capital, it is common for people to live without basic facilities such as electricity. Strategies such as the Poverty Reduction Project need to operate in the long-run to have long term effects. This holds true with any policies or strategies implemented to better a community. Changes must be made for the future of Laos.

This is my suggestion to address the current problem in Laos. I think that focusing on the creation of transportation; more specifically, road transportation will help alleviate poverty. Using the Poverty Reduction Fund as an example, this plan will need to be cost-effective and will need funding from multiple organizations as the cost will be Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 12

Education Equality? The Color of School Closings

No more pencils. No more books. No more teacher’s dirty looks.

A favorite song of mine, which I would often sing to myself every time June rolled around. The tune would play over and over in my head, as I would count down to the last day of school in a rush of projects, parties, and end-of-the-year assemblies. Summer was finally here to stay.

No more pencils. No more books. No more teacher’s dirty looks.

education-empty-classroomHowever, for many public school students from Philadelphia, saying goodbye come the end of this school year isn’t simply a temporary matter. Starting next fall, many Philadelphia public school students – regardless of whether they’re in elementary school, middle school, or even high school – just might not have any more pencils. Books. Or even the teachers they have come to know and love.

Philadelphia city officials, like so many others around the country who are dealing with budget deficits and failing schools, are one step closer to shutting down 23 public schools (approximately 10% of the city’s schools) in the city district. Failing and/ or underused schools will be shut down, districts will be re-aligned, and students will be placed in new schools come the start of the 2013-2014 school year. As many as 14,000 students are expected to be affected by the school closures.

There have been protests. Debates at city board meetings. Desperate pleas from students, parents, community leaders, and educators alike, all with the same message. Save our schools, save our children.

No more pencils. No more books. No more teacher’s dirty looks.

The school closures are expected to cause approximately 3,000 layoffs of administrators, secretaries, counselors, and other support staff throughout the city. Art and music programs are to be eliminated. Athletic clubs and teams will be cut. In order to begin and chip away at the $304 million budget deficit looming over the city, anything considered unnecessary or inessential will be eliminated from the school environment, and unfortunately the students are going to be the ones who are going to suffer.

Which students exactly are going to be affected? As expected, racial and socioeconomic disparities dominate the changes, as minority and low-income students are disproportionally affected by the school closings.

The Color of School Closings in Philadelphia:

  • Black Students: Approximately 81% are impacted by the school closings throughout the city despite accounting for only 58% of the total student population in the district.
  • White Students: 14% of the overall student population, however only 4% are impacted by the closings.
  • Low-Income Students: 93% are affected by the school closings, even though they make up for just 81% of Philadelphia public school students.

It’s not just in Philadelphia either. Recent school closings in cities like New York City, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and other urban areas throughout the country have also raised eyebrows due to the racial and socioeconomic nature of the closings. All too often, it’s the low income neighborhoods of color, which are affected by such changes. Take recent school closings in Chicago and Washington D.C., for example. A report by the Chicago Sun-Times found that 90% of students projected to be affected by the city-wide school closings (approximately 54 of the city’s public schools are expected to close by the start of the next school year) in Chicago are black – despite making up just 41% of the district’s overall student population. Washington D.C. is projected to only close 15 of its public schools in the coming year, however the racial disparities are even greater there. Out of the 2,700 students projected to be displaced by the closings in DC, only two of them are white.

Budget cuts are to be expected. It’s part of the world we live in these days. However, education should be our utmost priority at all times – recession or not. All students should be provided with the opportunity to learn in an environment, which forces them to learn, to grow, and to expand their horizons. All students deserve the right to an education based on stable schools, loyal teachers, and the resources they need to succeed – young or old, black or white, rich or poor.

Jun 11

Ending Child Brides

There are many things that are stopping girls from being able to get an education, from lack of infrastructure to natural disasters. However, there is one large, looming obstacle that is keeping many girls from schools; child brides. It is estimated that in the next decade 14.2 million girls will be married before their 18th birthday. Shouldchild marriage this figure end up being true, it will result in 14.2 million girls who will be pulled from school; 14.2 million girls who will not receive skills to help the prosperity of their country.

As I have mentioned in past pieces, removing young girls from their education has a negative effect on the girls, their families, and on their countries as a whole. When girls are married at such young ages they are generally pulled from school and often get pregnant quickly meaning that their chances of returning to school are slim-to-none.

One country where Child Brides are a large phenomenon is Ethopia. According to UNICEF, 49% of girls in Ethiopia are married by age 18, with 24% of them being married before age 15. There are many pieces written online about what people have witnessed regarding Child Brides in Ethiopia. Many of them explain that most of these girls want to return to school. For the girls it is not just a chance to get an education, which they do value, but it is also the chance to make friends and to gain experiences besides those they make within the home.

In one account of a child bride in Ethiopia, Enana, a seventeen-year-old with a four year old son, talks about her Ethopian Women with Childen - blog 2experience as a child bride. She relates how she felt betrayed by her parents, and how she didn’t even know how old she was at the time. By doing the math, she was at oldest thirteen if she is around seventeen and already has a four year old child. One of the quotes she relays is “I didn’t even know how to clean myself,” yet here she was, being sent off to take care of others and raise her own family.

This also means that Enana was just one of the many girls who experience their first sexual encounter at age 13. In her account, Enana talks about how frightened she was but how her parents punished her and sent her back to her husband. Unfortunately, this is a not an uncommon situation in Ethiopia, however, there are many non-governmental organizations (NGO) popping up to help these girls deal with the unfortunate situations they are put in.

One of these is TESFA – which means “hope” in the  Amharic,  the native language. Funded by Nike, TESFA works Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 10

Singapore: Immigration Dilemma in a Small Country

Will a country where there are 18,943 people in per square mile open its door for more immigrants?

The Singapore government says yes. The Lee Hsien Loong administration published its latest population white paper in January, in which the government projects to increase its population to 6 million in 2030. This ambitious blueprint will be accomplished by encouraging childbirth as well as having 25000 non-citizens naturalized and having 30000 more Permanent Residents (PRs) per year. Currently, more than five million people living in its 274 sq mi territory, 38% of whom are immigrants.

Unpredictably, the consequence was dramatic. More than 4000 Singaporeans staged a rare demonstration ini7Gwt5ylLWzQ February, one of Singapore’s largest ever protests. The peaceful three-hour rally took place in heavy rain. The protesters blamed immigration for rises in property prices and living costs. What is wrong with Singapore’s immigration policy?

In my point of view, it is immigrants that forged Singapore. Since its establishment, immigrants have constantly been the driving force of the development of Singapore. As a city-state with a small domestic market and scarce natural resources, it is impossible for Singapore to create such a large-scale economy simply by its own citizens. That is the reason why Singapore has long been welcome to foreign manpower at both high and low ends of the labor spectrum to overcome the limitations of local human capital. The 1970s witnessed Singapore’s rise as one of the Four Asian Tigers, which was partly attributed to the overflow of cheap foreign workforce and the contributions made by highly educated foreign professionals in banking and manufacturing sectors. In 2010, one million immigrant workers made up 35% of the total labor force. Given such strong dependence upon immigrants, why do Singaporeans oppose the government to further liberalize its borders?

It is an interesting phenomenon that although its per capita income of 50332 dollars makes Singapore the sixth Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 07

Rape in India – A True Culture Problem

On Monday night, June 3, 2013, an American tourist was raped by three men in Manali, India. Yet another incident in a long string of recent rapes shown in the news and media. The woman was returning from a nearby village to her resort hotel when a truck driver offered her a ride. He and two other men then proceeded to take the woman to an isolated area and rape her. The woman reported the attack to the police, was examined at a community health center, and returned to her resort guesthouse the next afternoon. Since then, the victim has identified her attackers, picking them out of a lineup after an extensive police lockdown. And while Indian authorities managed to catch the attackers this time, the recent events of the country’s latest rape cases continue to raise concerns.

 

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Since the brutal gang-rape of the young woman in New Delhi last December, the issue of sexual violence has been at the forefront of Indian headlines. The week and months to follow were filled with massive protests and riots. This outcry was only further fuel

ed by two separate instances of gang rape of five-year-old girls in April. We’re now in June, why are we still hearing about these violent crimes?

 

The sad thing is that if we’re discomforted by hearing about the number of rapes that are reported by the media, think about all the occurrences of rape and incidents of violence that aren’t even reported to the police, much less the rest of the world. A report from the Working Group on Human Rights in India and the UN in January found that at least two women are raped in the country every hour. These high profile cases we see on the news are just a glimpse into a very serious problem of India’s rape culture. But what I find even more disconcerting than the rape culture, is the problem of cultural stigma that leads to the severe under-reporting of violence against women. Because it’s not just about rape; it’s the high rates of everyday domestic violence, the targeting of women of lower caste groups, and social pressure that is placed on the female population to stay indoors and just keep their mouths shut.

 

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The current culture in India has allowed for an environment in which authority figures often blame victims for endangering themselves. And if people of authority, such as law enforcement officials who are supposed to help women, feel this way, it’s no wonder women don’t feel safe to leave their home.

“Their embrace of autonomy and mobility risks putting them in conflict with a law-enforcement establishment and media that still view women through a pre-feminist lens: “good girls” who stay at home should not be raped, while “bad girls” who stake a claim to public space are fair game.’” – Naomi Wolfe, social critic.

The government has addressed the issue through legislation which has increased penalties for rapists and expanded definitions of sexual violence and harassment but it doesn’t seem to be making much of a difference. And how can we expect it to? Giving harsher penalties to those who have already committed rape may dissuade a few future ones, but it’s not going to help if the rapes aren’t reported in the first place. Activist continue to push for stronger enforcement, police training, and even further legal action.

 

Rashida Manjoo, the UN’s Special Rapporteur on violence against women told reporters that India has missed a “golden moment” to effectively tackle the underlying causes that reinforce rape culture. She says, “…the approach adopted, fails to address the structural and root causes of and consequences of violence against women.” And I completely agree. For example, in May, the city council of Mumbai sought to tackle rape by passing an ordinance banning scantily dressed mannequins in shop windows, proposing that rapists are “provoked by mannequins” and that “mannequins do not suit Indian culture.” This will hardly solve anything, and is only a testament to how the issue is not being addressed properly or effectively.

 

It’s unfortunate that a country with such a rich culture and promising economy has been tainted by this issue. There are so many great things about India, something I can say from personal experience. And yet it’s rape culture, which is perpetuated by the country’s deeply rooted patriarchy, is what makes headlines around the world. Rapists in India will continue to capitalize on the insecurities of women who won’t report their attacks in fear of being blamed and shamed. There is absolutely no reason a woman should doubt her safety when leaving her home, and there should be no hesitation when she needs to report an act of violence. She should be able to have faith in her law-enforcement authorities and in her society to accept that what happened was in no way her fault. India would do well to take a hard look at how previous culture and values may be influencing and hindering their current attempt to progress.

Jun 07

U.S. Agricultural Policies Cause Childhood Obesity

America is guilty of child abuse and should be charged, and sentenced. For the past 35 years, U.S. agriculture has operated under “cheap food” policy, while childhood obesity has gone primetime in every home, school, mall, and workplace. Since obesity hit mainstream America, it has become more than a cosmetic concern.  Obesity is a social problem that continues to affect the health of America’s kids.  Parents and lawmakers must embrace the fact that childhood obesity is an immense problem in the United States, and according to the CDC, one in three kids, and teens are overweight or obese.  It is the leading source of health complications such as heart disease, high images (4)cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure.  This trend continues to affect many kids and teens as excess weight threatens their future and their quality of life.

Current Agriculture policy does little to promote the production of diverse healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables. The current policy contains many incentives that provide subsidies for farmers to produce less fruits and vegetables, which has lead to the overproduction of  corn, soybeans, and refine grain.  Did you know the United States is the world largest producer of corn and soybeans?  It is the most important plant grown in America. Corn is the backbone of our agriculture and most of the farming fields are dedicated for corn. America farmers produce over 20 pounds of soy oil and 93 percent of consumers are Americans.  A kernel of corn, within its horny hull, is filled with white raw starch  called the endosperm and it is used to manufacture products like Read the rest of this entry »

Jun 06

Education Development in Cambodia

Did you know that Cambodia has a literacy rate of 74 percent? That is considered one of the lowest rates in Asia. Literacy rates are used to determine education quality in each country. However, the primary education completion rate in 2009 was 84 percent and has been slowly increasing. The literacy rate is fairly low for the rate of completion 2013-04-blog-agriffiths-3300-620of primary education in Cambodia; meaning more children are going to school, but the literacy rate is almost stagnant.  According to the World Bank, 25 to 50 percent of students that have graduated from primary school cannot not read at all. 250 million children are still unable to read and write. Although the number of students enrolling in school is increasing, there seems to be no effectiveness. So once again, how do you go about improving the educational levels in a country?

After taking my economic development class last semester, I realized the importance of education. Education is the base of everything. Education is a good means of acquiring skills, knowledge, and motivation to work. Education increases people’s knowledge, or in economic terms we call it an accumulation of human capital. In economic development, this increase in human capital increases income per person.  It has been proven in many studies that education directly improves people’s standard of living by increasing the capacity to obtain a job. It also increases productivity and innovative capacity which reflects upon the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

But how do you go about improving the education levels in a country? One of the Millennium Development Goals by the United Nation is to achieve Universal Primary Education by the year 2015. This goal is to insure completion of primary education for all children around the world. However, this goal is far from being attained .

Lets compare statistics from Cambodia’s education and Singapores. Singapore has one of the highest literacy rates of 96 percent in Southeast Asia. The expenditure per person as a percentage of GDP per capita in Singapore is 12 percent, whereas in Cambodia it is 6.8 percent. This shows that one of the reasons why Singapore has better education might be because of the amount of spending. Maybe it is spending on education that Cambodia needs to invest in.

However, just because you invest money on something does not mean it will show effectiveness. The keys are quality and accessibility of education. Cambodia is known for its high rates of poverty in rural areas. In these areas, the accessibility of education is very low and the number of dropouts are fairly high as well. Most of these problems Steven-Kim-Cambodia-2010are due to the weakness and lack of quality in the educational system. There is obviously something lacking if the majority of Cambodian children are going to school, but they still cannot read or write. There seems to be a lack of guidance from the government and schools on how to improve the education system.

This is what I think can be done to address this. I think we should improve the teacher’s teaching capacity. What I mean by teaching capacity is the ability for the instructor to effectively teach desired skills to the students. Teachers should be able to engage their students in learning and teach them basic skills in primary schools. Even from my own experience, the quality of the teacher greatly impacts how well the students will do in school. When trying to increase the capacity of the teachers, I think that it is important for the teachers to be able to teach their students skills that will translate into economic growth. Some examples would be mathematic skills and creativity. In Cambodia’s case, one of the most important skills teachers should be able to teach is reading and writing by expanding the children’s vocabulary, spelling, and grammar.

Although the quantity of schools is also an important component for educational growth, in Cambodia’s situation, policies need to focus more on the quality of the schools. School attainment is only effective if the knowledge and skills of the students increase. It is important to focus on how much the students have learned as to how many years students have attained education. It will be an ideal situation if the increase in education quality translates into economic development.

What do you think Cambodia should do to increase their literacy rate and accessibility of schools? Please feel free to voice your opinions.

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